In June 2022 Sweden announced it would provide Robot-17 (RBS-17) coastal defence missiles to Ukraine. These missiles are used by Sweden’s Amphibious Corps to interdict the movement of enemy vessels along Sweden’s coast.
RBS-17 is a Bofors Defense (now Saab Bofors Dyanmics) led development of the AGM-114 Hellfire. Work on the Swedish coastal defence missile began in the 1980s. It is man-portable with the missile weighing 48kg in addition to the launcher, firing system and laser targeting module. It is typically operated in the field by five man teams, with two operating the laser targeting system and three on the weapon itself.
RBS-17 launch October 2023 (via social media)
On launch the missile climbs to several hundred metres and seeks the laser-marked target. The system has a maximum range of around 8km and carries a 9kg high explosive warhead. While designed to engage vessels the RBS-17 can also be used against ground targets.
On 2 June 2022, the Swedish government announced the transfer of an undisclosed number of RBS-17s. They are believed to have been seen in theatre for the first time in a video published on 20 October, although it appears it may have been filmed earlier. The video was shared by a group called ‘Bigcats’, the lo-res clip shows the launch of a pair of missiles. ‘Bigcats’ haven’t shared any further imagery of the missiles since.
In September 2022 the Norwegian government also announced plans to provide Ukraine with their Hellfire-derived Norwegian Shore Defence Missile System. The transfer of 160 missiles and associated equipment was announced in response to a Ukrainian request. In late March 2023 photographs of several pieces of wreckage from one of the missiles was posted on Telegram. It was hypothesised that they were found in the area of the Kinburn Spit and had been fired across the water by an element of the 73rd Naval Center of Ukraine’s Special Operations Forces.
An RBS-17 launch, c.September 2022 (via social media)
It was over 8 months before another video of a the weapons in action was shared. In mid-August 2023 a brief clip was published showing a Hellfire-patterned missile (which may be an RBS-17) being fired and apparently detonating downrange. Several months later at the end of October perhaps the best piece of footage of one of the missiles being launched was shared. In the video we can see the missile being launched and as the camera pans the laser targeting module can also be seen.
In August 2023, Army Inform, the news agency of Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, published an article outlining how the RBS-17 is used noting that it is most frequently used against Russian defensive positions, dugouts or lightly armoured vehicles. The article included a photograph of a display showing the RBS-17 set up. In the background a Ukrainian combatant can be seen sat on a missile case, he’s wearing the patch of the Zaporizhzhia-based 27th River Fleet Division (27 ODnRK).
An RBS-17 launch in Ukraine Nov/Dec 2023 (via Swedish MoD)
On the 18 December, the Swedish government published an article about Ukraine’s use of the RBS-17 and the training the Swedish armed forces provided on the system. The article explains that Ukrainian personnel were secretly trained on the system. The training appears to have been carried out during Summer 2022 and took place in time to coincide with the delivery of the RBS-17s. Swedish personnel have also continued to be on call for answering the technical and operational queries of the Ukrainian teams using the system.
The Swedish article also included a short video of one of the missile systems in operation in Ukraine. The team appears to be in cover behind a wall. The GoPro footage shows the missile near by and the control unit as well as transport cases near by. A Polish MSBS Grot rifle can also be seen leaning on the wall next to the operator.
Update – 22/05/24:
Perhaps the best video of an RBS-17 missile being used in Ukraine I've seen. From NEMESIS, a volunteer unit made up of Armenians. Date & location unknown, posted 16/5/24
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) May 22, 2024
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Remarkably, a rare prototype Colt stand-alone stock chassis for the M203 40mm grenade launcher has been spotted in Ukraine. Our friends and colleagues at StreakingDelilah received some photographs and video of the prototype stock in November. They have kindly allowed me to share them here.
The stock chassis turns the M203 into a stand-alone launcher. It belongs to a Ukrainian Combatant with the GUR’s ‘Kraken’ Unit. M203 launchers were first seen in Ukraine in January 2023, when members of the 47th Mechanised Brigade were seen equipped with M16A4s with M203 under-barrel grenade launchers.
A still from a video showing the Colt M203 chassis at a range in Ukraine (via StreakingDelilah)
The chassis were reportedly made in both fixed stock and collapsing stock configurations. The one seen in Ukraine has a CAR-15 style adjustable collapsing stock. The chassis system takes a standard M203 under-barrel grenade launcher with heat shield and provides a platform which can be shouldered. According to friends at the Colt AR-15 Resource, the chassis was reportedly developed for an undisclosed US organisation, possibly US Special Operations Command or one of the alphabet agencies. It is thought that less than 30 were manufactured.
While there is little solid information available on these chassis it has been suggested that the project dated from before the start of the so-called ‘Global War on Terror’, and perhaps as early as 1992. Some samples were also reportedly made for external customers like El Salvador. The Colt-made stand alone chassis are a concept which has been replicated more widely by other manufacturers since.
The Colt AR-15 Resource shared some video of one of the fixed stock variants from a collector’s show:
The combatant in Ukraine shared several photographs of the M203 stand alone chassis. One appears to have been taken in a frontline trench while another shows it lying next to an FN SCAR-L and a couple of 40mm LV HEDP grenades.
The sight assembly appears to be unique to the chassis and combines a a rear sight which is graduated out to 250-300 metres with a front sight. It does not appear to have a quadrant sight mounted for longer range fire. The weapon operates just as the M203 normally would with the barrel sliding forward to open the action. Unlike the M203 under-barrel configuration the stand alone launcher has a pistol grip.
Some, but not all, examples of the chassis are marked with ‘COLT’s’ on the rear of the chassis above the pistol grip on the left side. Serial number markings are found on the launcher itself, on the trigger mechanism housing.
The rare chassis has also turned up in Afghanistan with StreakingDelilah sharing this photograph of a member of the Taliban with one.
It is unclear how the rare chassis came to see service on Ukraine’s frontline but StreakingDelilah believe it may have been privately acquired through a surplus dealer, though they stress this is unconfirmed. It has been interesting to see the proliferation of stand alone grenade launchers in use with both sides during the war in Ukraine, but I never expected to see this rare Colt-made stand alone chassis.
Updated – 15/11/24: Another image featuring the launcher recently appeared in a Kraken fund-raising post. [H/t – Larry]
Another standalone M203 has appeared in Berdin, Kursk, captured by personnel of Russia’s Kachtan battalion. StreakingDelilah have confirmed that it is not the same M203 seen in use with a Kraken member. This indicates that more than one of these rare grenade launchers has found it’s way to Ukraine.
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A dozen different types of light and general purpose machine guns are in use in Ukraine, one of the newest is the Heckler & Koch MG5.
In May 2023, the German government announced a package of aid which would include 100 HK MG5 7.62x51mm general purpose machine guns. In September, evidence of their arrival in theatre began to surface with Ukrainian combatants sharing imagery of the brand new weapons.
The transfer of MG5s by the German government is interesting as the Bundeswehr themselves have only recently begun to receive the guns. The MG5 officially entered German service in 2015 but procurement has only recently ramped up with around 10,000 currently estimated to be in inventory. The MG5 is a gas-operated 7.62x51mm general purpose machine gun with a variable rate of fire and is intended to replace the MG3. It fires from an open bolt and it’s action is locked by a rotating bolt head. The guns themselves are listed on the German government’s aid-tracking page as “being deliveries from industry stocks financed by German funds for security capacity building.” This indicates that the transfer was probably not made direct from Bundeswehr stores.
Jurado posted the first photo of an MG5 in Ukraine (via Social Media)
On 20 September, Jurado – a Spanish member of the International Legion, shared the first photograph of an MG5 in Ukraine. Several days later on 22 September, omega_team_gurshared another photograph of the MG5 at the range. According to Jurado his unit received three of the guns.
A week later Greek International Legion members shared the first video of one of the guns mounted on a Lafette tripod. Through discussions with some of the combatants whose units have received the MG5s not all the guns came with tripods. A member of a Ukrainian Military Intelligence Directorate, the GUR, team told us that the guns came in bags with accessories including an optic, bipod, cleaning kit, manual and spare barrel.
An MG5 in its transport bag (via Social Media)
A member of the GUR, callsign Shock, shared a photo with an MG5 on 28 September, and several more the next day. Shock told TAB that his unit had received two of the MG5s and that while they’re cool pieces of kit the are heavy “13+ kg without ammunition” [HK lists the MG5A2’s weight as 11.5kg or 25lbs]. Shock’s team appears to be one of the few GUR teams not made up of international volunteers to receive the guns. He also shared a photograph of two MG5s sat in their transport bags.
On the 30th September Omega Team shared another group photograph featuring an MG5 and several days later on 2 October, a member of the GUR’s Shaman battalion, shared a photograph of himself holding a new MG5. Another member of the Shaman battalion also shared a photograph of an MG5 in its transit case/bag. It can seen fitted with a Hensoldt 4x30i optic and a cleaning kit and a number of belt pouches can be seen in the case. Knights, another GUR team, shared a photograph featuring an MG5 on 6 October. This was followed on the 10 October by a unit photograph with an MG5 seen at the back of the group. During the same week, another SOF group made up of international volunteers, Black Maple, also shared a photograph featuring an MG5.
An MG5 mounted in a Lafette tripod at the range (via Social Media)
Another team, Operation 21 Group, posted a photograph on 16 October of an MG5 mounted on a Lafette tripod at the range. The gun is again paired with the Hensoldt optic. On around the 17 October, a member of the Kraken Regiment, also part of the GUR, posted a photograph holding one of the MG5s. Several days later the first glimpse of an MG5 being used in combat was shared by a GUR team, the MG5 can be heard firing and is just visible though the foliage.
On the 22 October the GUR’s Stugna Battalion also shared a promotional video featuring one of the MG5s. On 24 October imagery from a number of photographers showed members of the International Legion’s new Siberian Battalion training. Amongst an interesting array of small arms the battalion’s trainees also appeared to have a single MG5.
The team at GRaft, a Ukrainian company which fabricates ammunition boxes for machine guns, shared some video of testing of one of their boxes with an MG5 in late October. At the beginning of November Tactical Group Athena, another GUR team, shared a team photograph featuring not one but two MG5s.
Later in November, the Knights shared a series of photographs and clips featuring the MG5. The first was posted on 4 November, showing the gun in a fighting position. This was followed on the 13 November, by a short video of an MG5 firing from its bipod in a frontline position in the trenches feeding from a British 7.62x51mm ammunition box. I spoke to one of the members of Knights about the MG5 and they described it as ‘a fantastic weapon’ and while “a bit on the heavy side [it’s] still a good weapon system and we love to use it!”
A member of Rogue Team holds an MG5 in a frontline trench (via Social Media)
Omega team shared another group photo featuring an MG5 on 12 November. Later that week Rogue Team posted a photograph of two combatants in a frontline trench, one is seated holding an MG5. A week later the GUR shared a video on their YouTube channel about their amphibious operations in Crimea, on 16 November, with an MG5 briefly appearing in part of the sequence. Towards the end of November a video from the Knights team thanking people for kit donations also featured an MG5. On the 14 November, an element of the Kraken Regiment, Special Assault Company, shared a promotional video featuring a drive by with an MG5 being fired out the window of a vehicle at a range. On the 19 November Rogue Team shared a team photograph, with one combatant holding an MG5, a day later a member of the team shared a short clip from the range showing the MG5 in action with the caption ‘I love MG5’. Finally, on the 26 November another MG5 was seen in a photograph of members of Kraken.
All of the guns appear to have HK’s RAL 8000 (FDE-ish) finish and are of the MG5 A2 configuration with the shorter 460mm (18in) barrel. The guns also appear to have been provided with Hensoldt 4x30i ‘intermediate range targeting optics’. From the imagery which has surfaced so far we can see that the MG5s have predominantly been issued to special operations forces including teams from the GUR and possibly the SSO. Despite the small number of guns officially confirmed to have been transferred they have been widely photographed in theatre and when asked by TAB comments from combatants using them have largely been positive. It is unknown what quantity of spares were provided with the guns or if more may be provided by Germany in the future.
Thank you to friends at Cloooud and at StreakingDelilah for their help gathering imagery for this video.
Update – 2/12/23:
Ukrainian combatant, Valgear, shared a photo of an MG5 in a Lafette tripod fitted with a thermal optic. Both the gun and optic have apparently been damaged by shrapnel.
Update – 03/12/23:
Machine gun training (Bundeswehr/KSK)
The Bundeswehr issued a statement on training Ukrainians SOF members and shared a photograph of Ukrainians training on MG3 and MG5 machine guns. Unlike the guns seen in Ukraine the MG5s have 550mm (22in) barrels.
Update – 9/12/23:
Another GUR team, Stugna, have shared photos of an HK MG5 in recent weeks.
Stugna, another GUR team, have shared a few photos of their HK MG5. One in a group photo (h/T @war_noir) and a second from a range day when volunteer fundraiser group Peace For The Future visited the to present a vehicle.
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) December 9, 2023
Update – 13/12/23: The recently formed Sibir Battalion were photographed again training with an MG5.
Very recent training with German-delivered MG5s by the Sibir Battalion, which consists only of Russian nationals, who want to fight against the Russian armed forces. pic.twitter.com/SQGI5os4HJ
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) April 16, 2024
Update – 7/6/24: Rogue, a GUR direct action team, shared some video of their machine gun team in action near Kupyansk in November 2023. It gives a great look at the MG5 in action and also features a brief glimpse of the gun’s spare barrel and it’s reload drills.
Some stills from a video filmed by Rogue, a GUR direct action team, operating in Kupyansk in Nov. 2023. Great look at the HK MG5 in action, reloading and it's spare barrel.
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) June 7, 2024
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Bibliography:
Military Support for Ukraine, Bundesregierung, (source)
In recent weeks imagery from Ukrainian social media accounts has emerged to suggest that Swedish G3-pattern, Ak4B, rifles may have begun to be issued to units in Ukraine. Several photographs and videos have been shared via social media by Ukrainian combatants featuring the distinctive rifles. Further investigation, however, suggests the rifles may not be in use in Ukraine.
Still from a video of a Ukrainian sniper firing an Ak4B at the range, 17 November (via social media)
The initial imagery posted by two accounts appear to feature three of the rifles, all of the rifles seen appear to have tape on their butts. They are all fitted with scopes with at least one optic appearing to be a Schmidt & Bender PM II 3-12×50.
Photograph posted by a Ukrainian showing an Ak4B at the range fitted with a PMII optic, 20 November (via social media)
The Swedish Ak4 is license-manufactured version of the 7.62×51mm Heckler & Koch G3. Produced by Carl Gustafs stads gevärsfaktori and Husqvarna Vapenfabrik, the Ak4 entered Swedish service in 1965. It was replaced by the 5.56×45mm Ak5 in the mid-1980s but today remains in service with Sweden’s Hemvärnet (home guard).
In 2002, Sweden upgraded the first Ak4s to the Ak4B standard. Removing both front and rear iron sights and adding a length of Picatinny rail for mounting an optic. The rifles seen in the recent photographs have also been outfitted with a tri-rail forend, these are produced by a number of manufacturers, including Swedish Ordnance, and an adjustable bipod.
Photo of a Ukrainian sniper firing an Ak4B at the range, 17 Nov., note the railed forend and bipod (via social media)
Notably in January 2023, Sweden announced a major aid package for Ukraine which was said to include ‘assault rifles’ it is unclear if these rifles were Ak4s or another weapon. I reached out to the Swedish government about whether the recently sighted rifles had been provided to Ukraine but no comment was provided at the time of publication.
Photo showing a pair of Ak4Bs with optics c.19 November (via War_Noir)
Subsequent social media posts and conversations with Ukrainian personnel who shared imagery suggests that the rifles are Ak4s. However, they aren’t in Ukraine but Latvia.
Latvia received a number of Swedish Ak4s and they are currently used by the Latvian National Guard. The Latvians are in the process of replacing the rifles with G36s, however, some may continue in the designated marksman role. It appears that the imagery posted by the Ukrainian combatants which features the rifles was taken during training in Latvia. Latvia has so far trained 3,000 Ukrainian personnel. From posts on their social media it appears that elements of Ukraine’s 3rd Shock Brigade are currently in Latvia.
The author of this photograph (featuring another Ak4B in the same configuration) confirmed that it was not taken in Ukraine (via social media)
Another Ukrainian combatant who shared another photograph of the muzzle end of an Ak4, notable for its ground off front sight, seemingly taken in the back of a truck also confirmed that his photograph was not taken in Ukraine but Latvia.
There has previously been confusion around whether a weapon is in use in Ukraine or whether Ukrainian troops are simply using the weapon while training abroad. This has been seen with the SA80 in the UK and the HK G36 in Spain and Lithuania.
In addition to Latvia, Sweden also provided Lithuania with Ak4 pattern rifles, these are now in service with the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces. Similarly, Sweden also provided the Estonian Defence Forces with Ak4s. These countries have also provided training. Given the levels aid provided by Sweden and the three Baltic states it is possible we may eventually see Ak4 pattern rifles in Ukrainian service. Despite anticipation of seeing G3s in Ukrainian service, these rifles do not represent the first G3-pattern rifles to be seen in Ukraine.
Update – 19/2/24: Several G3s in the same configuration as those seen in earlier Latvia training photos recently surfaced.
The 3rd Assault Brigade has shared a detailed album of photos showing marksmen from the brigade training with what appear to be AK4Bs. The location the photographs were taken is not disclosed but there is nothing to confirm that the training was undertaken in Ukraine and no information in the original post’s caption. It is possible that, like earlier AK4B photos, these were taken during training outside of Ukraine, likely in one of the Baltic states. The photographs appear to have been taken at the same time (and possibly by) those shared earlier by Yara.sva.
Update 1/10/24: Additional photos by Yara.sva featuring an AK4.
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A Ukrainian engineer and fabricator, Іван Савельєв/Ivan Saveliev, has designed and built an interesting wheeled mount for the Mk19 automatic grenade launcher. The mount was recently seen in a video posted to TikTok by a member of 4th Rapid Reaction Rubizh Brigade’s 3rd Battalion Svoboda. The video was posted on the 10 November and shows the mount being demonstrated in camp. There’s a long history of Russian machine guns like the Maxim PM1910, SG-43 and DShK having wheeled mounts or carriages. The new mount for the Mk19 could be seen as a descendent of these.
A Mk19 on the wheeled mount (via social media)
The first MK19 Mod IIIs arrived from the US in late January 2022, as it looked increasingly likely that Russia would invade. Since then they have proliferated and are widely used by the Ukrainian armed forces.
A Mk19 on the mount with wheels removed (via social media)
Saveliev has developed a range of mounts for various support weapons including machine guns, auto-cannons and mortars. He first shared imagery of the wheeled mount for the Mk19 in mid-June posting a photograph showing a Mk19 elevated on one of the mounts. Five months later, on 23 October, Saveliev shared a series of detailed photos of the mount. He noted that the mount could allow the Mk19 to be fired at ‘increased vertical angles’. This is very useful for long range, indirect fire. The M2 heavy machine gun could also be used with the wheeled mount as the mount mimics the mounting points of the M3 tripod, which both the Mk19 and M2 are used with.
Above & Below: Close-ups of the mount (via social media)
The mount has a pair of handles at the muzzle end to allow the weapon to be pulled by two men. The elevation of the Mk19 can be adjusted by an elevation wheel which uses a long threaded bar (or worm pinion/screw) to move the mounting arm forward and back, lowering and raising the weapon. In the video posted by members of the 3rd Battalion Svoboda it is suggested that elevations of 60 or more degrees is possible. Windage can be adjusted by a pair of wheels either side of the rear of the mount.
The mount has a pair of wheels with pneumatic tires which can be removed allowing the weapon to be grounded in the mount. However, this looks to be a fairly unstable firing platform due to the narrow base the mount offers compared to the Mk19’s standard tripod. Despite the Mk19’s relatively low recoil the mount would probably have to be well bedded in to achieve accurate fire and prevent it from potentially toppling. There is no mount for the weapon’s belt box.
According to various comments on Saveliev’s posts about the mount individuals from a number of Ukrainian brigades including the 47th Mechanised and 5th Assault brigades are reportedly interested in the mount.
I haven’t yet been able to find any imagery of the mount being used in the field or of a Mk19 being fired from one so its difficult to know how useful it is in battlefield conditions. The major benefit, however, is increasing the Mk19’s portability. Weighing in at 77.6 lbs (35.2 kg) the Mk19 (without the M3 tripod which adds 44 lbs (20 kg)) is heavier than its Russian counter-part, the AGS-17. This makes moving it across broken terrain a difficult task, the wheels might help
Special thanks to Weapons Illustrated who has been tracking this mount and assisted with this video/article.
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On 6 November, the French arms manufacturer Verney-Carron, through its defence brand Lebel, announced the signing of a framework contract with Ukrspecexport, a Ukrainian state-owned arms trading company which is part of Ukroboronprom. The contract covers the production of a substantial number of small arms including carbines, precision rifles and 40mm grenade launchers.
VDC15 (Lebel)
The contract is worth 36 million Euros ($38.5 million) and includes 10,000 assault rifles, 2,000 precision rifles and 400 grenade launchers. The contract will need to be funded from Ukrainian and French sources with initial delivery scheduled for early 2024, with delivery to be spread over the next 10 months. The announcement makes no mention of spare parts or support as part of the contract.
The contract will likely see the delivery of Verney-Carron’s VCD15, an AR-15 pattern rifle available in various configurations but chambered in 5.56x45mm or .300 BLK and based on Stoner’s internal gas system. The 2,000 precision rifles are probably Lebel’s VCD10, which was introduced in 2018 and is a precision AR-10 pattern rifle chambered in 7.62x51mm or .260 Remington. The 400 grenade launchers will likely be the compact LP40, a 40x46mm standalone launcher, which weighs 1.3kg, has a removable stock and a folding front pistol grip.
LP40 (Lebel)
It’s unclear which branch of the Ukrainian Armed forces the small arms will be destined for but they represent a substantial number, enough to equip a brigade or two. In terms of aid France has already provided a wide range of weapon systems and military equipment including self-propelled artillery, armoured personnel carriers, mines, anti-tank guided missiles, small arms, hand grenades and air defence systems.
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On 2 October, Ukraine’s 28th Mechanised Brigade posted a video on their social media showing an RPG team firing an RPG-7 during a firefight. The warheads being fired from the RPG-7 were all outfitted with homemade fragmentation sleeves.
A fragmentation sleeve fits over a warhead and breaks apart when the warhead detonates. The explosion spreads the fragments increasing the warheads anti-personnel effect. The sleeve seen in the video appears to be made from a sheet of rolled metal with a base ring. Their design and construction appears to be quite uniform and similar examples of the fragmentation sleeves have been seen on several earlier occasions. The sheet appears to be several millimetres thick with a grid of cuts creating weaknesses for along which the metal can fragment.
PG-7 warheads with uniform fragmentation sleeves, in a video posted by the 28th Mechanised Brigade (Ukrainian Army)
Back in April a photograph featuring similar sleeves was shared, one PG-7 warhead has a sleeve running between the venturi/rocket nozzles and the base of warhead’s shaped charge while the other appears to have a sleeve which is wrapped around the lower part of the warhead. The venturi of this warhead isn’t visible.
[Correction/Update – 11/11/23: The rocket is in fact a PG-9/16 which is fired from SPG-9 recoilless guns. This suggests that fragmentation sleeves are also in use with the widely used SPG-9. See image below. – Thank you to Michael Crenshaw for his help IDing this munition.]
Top: PG-9/16 with frag sleeve Bottom: PG-7 with frag sleeve (via social media)
A Ukrainian combatant shared a short video featuring a PG-7 warhead with a fragmentation sleeve on 4 May. On 21 June, Ukrainian news outlet Новинарняpublished a video report featuring the 67th Mechanised Brigade in action near Kreminna. Members of the brigade’s 2nd mechanised battalion are seen with numerous PG-7s with fragmentation sleeves in the report. One Ukrainian combatant is seen preparing them for launch, attaching boosters to the rockets.
It would appear that the design of the sleeves has been shared between a number of fabricators as they have appeared in a number of areas and appear to a fairly standardised design. Images from the summer of 2023 show the sleeves added to a variety of different PG-7 warheads including a crate of six PG-7VLs.
A number of PG-7V with frag sleeves (via social media)
In August, a Ukrainian individual made a call on social media for fabricators to produce base rings for sleeves. The post included a photograph of six PG-7M warheads with fragmentation sleeves.
The October video posted by the 28th Mechanised Brigade shows the rockets being fired at unseen targets in the distance. The RPG-gunner appears to be using the tactic of using the warhead’s maximum range self-destruct feature to detonate the warheads above Russian positions.
The warheads are fitted point-initiating base detonating fuzes which contain a pyrotechnic-based self-destruct mechanism which causes the warhead to detonate at its maximum range of approximately 950 metres. When the warhead detonates at the end of its flight it will shower what is below it with fragments from both the warhead and the fragmentation sleeve.
A crate of 6 PG-7VLs with slightly rusty frag sleeves (via social media)
On 30 September, a PG-7 with a fragmentation sleeve was seen at the beginning of a video shared by the ‘Omega’, the Special Purpose Center of Ukraine’s National Guard. The characteristic shape of a sleved warhead can be seen just before a member of ‘Omega’ fired the RPG-7.
On 4 October, a Ukrainian combatant shared a photograph of a PG-7VL warhead with a fragmentation sleeve. The photo was shared in response to the earlier August photograph. This example, however, appears to be made from a mosaic of small metal squares rather than from a scored sheet of metal.
An RPG-7 with a fragmentation sleeve, 67th Mechanised Brigade (Новинарня)
In terms of effectiveness the sleeves probably do not fragment uniformly along the cuts in the outer surface. However, the fragmentation effect of the sleeve is probably good enough for it’s intended purpose. It also remains unclear if the added mass and likely shifting of the warheads’ centre of gravity negatively effects its range and accuracy.
Fragmentation sleeves are definitely not a new innovation but they are a simple adaptation which can be made to PG-7 pattern warheads, which are predominantly designed for anti-armour roles, to improve their effectiveness against enemy personnel. While there are a number of warheads designed specifically for use against personnel these may not be as commonly available and as a result the Ukrainians have taken to improvising. We have already seen makeshift anti-personnel warheads made from fire extinguishers packed with explosive and the practice of simply taping shrapnel to the sides of standard PG-7 warheads.
06/11/23 – Update: An additional video featuring a PG-7VL warhead with a frag sleeve being used to tamp down a sandbag.
Update – 14/12/23: A video showing manufacture of various patterns of drone munitions was shown in a video posted by Ukrainian combatants. In it a munition with frag sleeve is seen.
Update – 15/1/24: Video dating from Spring 2023 shows members of the 28th Mechanised Brigade operating what appears to be a fragmentation sleeve (or perhaps an improvised warhead) being fired from m RPG-7.
Kurt & Company Group, a unit of #Ukraine's 28th Mechanized Brigade, firing what appear to be either improvised RPG rounds or PG-7 rounds which have been augmented with fragmentation sleeves.
— Matthew Moss | The Armourer's Bench (@historicfirearm) January 16, 2024
Update – 25/03/24: A look at how some of the frag sleeves may be manufactured.
Steel pipe is machined into grooved fragmentation jackets. These will be fitted over RPG-7 warheads. The segmented squares will separate into deadly pieces upon detonation, increasing the destructiveness of the rocket. pic.twitter.com/nLPQOjkPLL
The sleeves seen in the post above were sold by a company called ‘FixeStop‘ and are euphemistically marketed as ‘Men’s metal massage rollers: – for feet; – for legs’. Various sises between 100mm and 200mm of various weights are offered at prices ranging between 300 to 950 UAH.
Update – 16/7/24: An improvised drone dropped munition with a 3D printed tail tube and cone with a frag sleeve.
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On 17 October, a Ukrainian combatant shared a short video on his TikTok channel demonstrating a new piece of ordnance – the RPG Shovel. Earlier the same combatant had joked by sliding an entrenching shovel into the barrel of the RPG-7. Several other combatants have been seen to do this during the ongoing war in Ukraine but this combatant decided to make the joke a reality.
Ukrainian combatant with shovel slid into RPG-7 (date, location unknown)
Culturally, the RPG Shovel isn’t a new thing having been seen in photograph of soldiers from other countries messing around over the years and even appearing in the 2018 video game Far Cry 5. Before that, in 2016, it was added as a mod for the game Insurgency using an old photograph of Russian troops as reference. Whether this influenced the Ukrainian combatant to create his RPG-Shovel is unknown.
Far Cry 5’s RPG-Shovel
In the Ukrainian combatant’s video he shows how an adapter has been attached to the wooden handle of the shovel and to a threaded cap which allows the shovel to be screwed onto a PG-7S motor. The shovel itself appears to be an MPL-50 pattern shovel. The combatant then fits a booster onto the motor and takes the RPG-Shovel outside to be fired. It can also be seen that they have written a suitably derogatory message to the Russians on the shovel’s handle.
Homemade adapter& launch
The Ukrainian combatant then launches the RPG-Shovel at a high-angle. Its unclear what sort of range was achieved with the shovel’s aerodynamics being terrible. Sadly, the camera operator’s reasonable caution means that the actual launch is partially obscured but just enough is visible. It’s probably not the first time a shovel has been launched from an RPG, but it is probably the best in terms of close-ups and detail. Regardless, its seems to be a great example of bored soldiers finding amusing, ‘productive’ ways of occupying their time.
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In June we looked at MT-LB adaptations which have been pressed into service by both sides. Check out that video/article here. In recent weeks there have been more sightings of some of these adapted vehicles.
On 3 September, the first video of one of Russia’s MT-LBs fitted with a 2M-3 twin 25mm naval gun turret was shared online. The turret appears to be extremely unstable, shaking violently, its hard to imagine this weapon system being useful for anything beyond suppression.
A Russian MT-LB mounted with a 2M-3 turret (via IZ)
A week later on 10 September a short clip of another Russian MT-LB with a 2M-3 turret was published by Russian news outlet Izvestia. Again the turret seen firing appears to be very unstable with not only the vehicle rocking on its suspension but also the turret bouncing in its mount.
Intriguingly both of these MT-LBs appear to have the 2M-3 turrets mounted much lower than the vehicles seen earlier. The MT-LBs seen earlier appear to have the turrets mounted higher in tower-like structures.
An S-60 MT-LB during an exercise in Russia (via social media)
Another adaptation not covered in our earlier video/article is the mounting of 57mm S-60 anti-aircraft guns on MT-LBs. These have been seen somewhat regularly and most recently shared via Russian telegram channels shared video of S-60-armed MT-LB training with a newly mobilised, but unnamed, unit in Russia’s central military district. These vehicles typically provide direct fire support against ground targets.
An MT-LBu fitted with a 14.5mm KPVT in a RWS (via 42nd Separate Mechanised Brigade)
In terms of Ukrainian adaptations there have been further sightings of one of the vehicles we looked at last time, an MT-LBu variant which has been upgraded with additional armour and a remote weapon station mounting a 14.5mm KPVT heavy machine gun. These are believed to be in service with the 42nd Separate Mechanised Brigade and some sources have described them using the designation BMP-1LB.
A brief clip from a mid-June report published by Новинарня which shows one of the 42 OMBr's upgraded MT-LBu, with a KPVT RWS, abandoned near Kreminnaya.
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) October 31, 2023
A video showing several of the adapted MT-LBus was shared on 7 September, showing four of the vehicles. On 13 September the 42nd Separate Mechanised Brigade shared a series of photographs featuring the vehicles. There hasn’t yet been any video of these vehicle’s remote weapon stations being fired so it is unclear if they have been stabilised better than their Russian counterparts.
MT-LB with a BM-7 Parus turret (via social media)
One adaptation which was not mentioned in our earlier video/article was the combining of an MT-LB with a BM-7 ‘Parus’ weapon module. The BM-7 normally comprises a 30mm ZTM-1 auto cannon, a coaxial PKT machine gun, a 30mm automatic grenade launcher and several anti-tank guided missiles. These are typically paired with the BTR-4. MT-LBs mounted with the BM-7 don’t appear to have the ATGMs fitted. These MT-LBs were first seen in July, with a video of two of the vehicles on the move shared on 21 July. Another video showing one of the vehicles firing has also been shared.
Russian marines of the 155th Guards Brigade operate an MT-LB with a 2M-3M twin mount.
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On 5 October, a combatant in Ukraine shared photograph of himself with a French FR F2 sniper rifle. The 7.62x51mm rifles have only been sighted in theatre once before in March 2022, when a single F2 was seen. The origins of that rifle are unclear as no further rifles were subsequently seen. The rifle may have been acquired as surplus or another potential origin for the rifle is as aid from either Estonia or Lithuania who previously issued the rifle.
Most recently, on 5 October, Ukrainian outlet Tysk shared three photographs, provided by one of their subscribers, featuring another FR F2. The photographs featured a rifle and a SAGEM Sword Sniper 3-in-1 optic (a telescopic sight, thermal weapon sight, and laser rangefinder) which is part of the FELIN System. The presence of the SAGEM Sword optics may suggest that France have provided a batch of the rifles and accompanying optics.
The rifle appears to be mounted with a SCROME J8 scope which the rifle is typically paired with in French service. The FR F2 is being replaced in French service by the FN SCAR-H PR which may mean that France can pass on its surplus F2s to Ukraine.
It remains to be seen if further examples of the FR F2s will be seen. If a substantial number have been transferred by France then further examples will likely be sighted in the future.
France has also transferred a considerable number of armoured vehicles and a unknown quantity of general purpose machine guns including AANF1s and FN MAGs. Most recently, on 13 September, a FAMAS with the Valorisé upgrade, which adds rails, was seen in a range video posted by a Ukrainian combatant. There has been no further sightings of FAMAS in theatre to date. Individual sightings can’t be considered representative of wider use or considerable transfers of weapons until further examples are seen in theatre.
Some very intriguing footage from #Ukraine featuring a French FAMAS with Valorisé upgrade (Picatinny rails added & position/style of the bipod altered). First such sighting of a FAMAS. France does have stocks to spare now the HK416F is entering service.#SALW#UkraineRussiaWar️pic.twitter.com/8ORtJNRO4W
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) September 13, 2023
Update – 1/12/23: The French Assemblee Nationale has published a document which outlines the equipment, but not quantities, provided to Ukraine by France. It confirms the provision of both FAMAS, various calibres of machine gun and precision rifles.
Update – 14/12/23:
Interesting to see a French FAMAS F1 Valorise in #Ukraine, with 54 ORB. We've seen some evidence of FAMAS in Ukraine previously and the French govt also recently confirmed an undisclosed number had been transferred.#UkraineWar#SALWpic.twitter.com/3Pb7a7JjMR
— Matthew Moss | Historical Firearms (@historicfirearm) December 14, 2023
Update – 10/3/24: The French government has released an updated document listing the equipment and some of the quantities provided to Ukraine. The document states that 30 ‘Fusil de precision’ (precision rifles) have been provided between 1 March, 2022 and 1 May, 2024.
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The Armourers Bench 