Tag: OSINT

Every AK the UK Procured To Train Ukrainian Troops

The UK began a training initiative with Ukraine in early 2015 with the launch of Operation Orbital. Orbital provided training in Ukraine to more than 20,000 Ukrainian personnel over eight years. Op Orbital ended in February 2022 with Russia’s full-scale invasion. In July 2022 a successor programme, Operation Interflex was launched. Interflex involves a larger, British-led multinational training programme, with training provided in the UK. It was established with the aim of training up to 10,000 Ukrainians every 120 days.

Interflex provides a variety of different specialist training elements but the primary focus is on providing Ukrainian infantry with essential soldier skills. By the summer of 2025, more than 56,000 Ukrainian soldiers had been trained by the UK and partner nations. To carry out basic infantry courses a large number of rifles which were similar to those that Ukrainian troops would be using operationally were needed.

Ukrainian troops training with Arsenal AR-M9Fs (UK MoD / Crown Copyright)

International partners from Australia and New Zealand are working with the British Army, in training scenarios with Ukrainian Forces, including Medical (involving simulated casualties) and patrolling.

Operation INTERFLEX is the UK led training programme for Ukrainian recruits. The training is for new volunteer recruits who have joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) with little to no previous military experience to teach them the skills required to survive and be effective in frontline combat.

The UK-led programme trains and drills the Armed Forces of Ukraine using battle-proven British Army expertise, allowing them to accelerate their deployment, rebuild their forces, and scale-up their resistance as they continue to defend their nation’s sovereignty against Russian invaders.

The previous Operation Orbital saw the UK train more than 22,000 Ukrainian personnel from 2015 until the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The new programme would train forces outside of the country.

This led to a major procurement of AK-pattern rifles. The number of rifles procured and the sources they were procured from remains unclear. We have some clue as to the number of rifles initially acquired from a 9 July 2022 press release, in which the UK government confirmed:

“The Government has rapidly procured AK variant assault rifles for the training programme, meaning Ukrainian soldiers can train on the weapons they will be using on the front line. This effort was supported by the Welsh Guards, who tested more than 2,400 such rifles in 17 days to ensure they were ready for the Ukrainians to commence their training.”

Ukrainian soldier at the range July 2022 (UK MoD / Crown Copyright)

The types of AK-pattern rifles procured was not announced but from the photographs released it is clear that they include:

  • Serbian-produced Zastava M70, M70B, M70A and M70AB2
  • East German-produced MPi KMS-72
  • Hungarian-produced FEG AK63D

All of the above rifles are chambered in 7.62x39mm. The reasoning behind the procurement of rifles chambered in 7.62x39mm rather than the more regularly issued 5.45x39mm AK-74 pattern rifles is also unclear. Perhaps this was due to weapon availability and regardless of calibre the manuals of arms remains the same.

At the time when approached for comment on the sources and types of AK rifles procured, the Ministry of Defence told The Armourer’s Bench:

“The Government has rapidly procured AK variant assault rifles through a combination of international donations and private purchase, meaning Ukrainian soldiers can train on the type of weapons they will be using on the front line. All weapons were tested in accordance with UK legislative and safe working practices.”

In September 2022, Chinese-manufactured Type 56-1 rifles were seen in Op Interflex imagery for the first time. The Type 56-1 has an under-folding stock, stamped receiver, and enclosed front sights.

By early February 2023, the assorted various types of 7.62x39mm-chambered AK-pattern rifles were either replaced or supplemented with Bulgarian Arsenal AKs. The rifles seen in all of the available photographs appear to be basic model rifles, none of the weapons have railed handguards or Picatinny on the receiver cover for mounting optics. This suggests that they are either AR-M9Fs or AR-M14Fs (at least according to Arsenal’s website). The ‘F’ refers to the folding tube metal stock which helps identify the rifles as Arsenal-made AKs. The characteristic flash hider and furniture also identify them as Arsenal rifles.

Ukrainian soldiers during FIBUA training, c.2024 (UK MoD / Crown Copyright)

From the rifles’ handguard design it appears that the rifles are AR-M9Fs, chambered in 5.56x45mm. This chambering in theory simplified logistics, removing the need to procure 7.62x39mm ammunition. The AR-M9Fs also have a blank firing adaptor which allowed Ukrainian troops to train with AK-pattern rifles rather than SA80-series rifles when blank firing was needed. The UK has the capability to manufacture 5.56x45mm ball and blank making training simpler and cheaper. According to information shared with TAB by the UK MoD approximately 7,500 AR-M9Fs were acquired for Op Interflex.

Finally, in May 2025, the UK appears to have procured Israeli-manufactured IWI Galil ACE rifles in 5.56x45mm. When approached for comment on the procurement of the rifles the UK MoD told TAB that approximately 4,500 ACE-23 rifles had been procured. They also noted that the transition to the IWI Galil ACE 23 began in around mid-2024 and that the switch to Galil ACE rifles was made to ‘better align the weapon system used during UK-based training with equipment Ukrainian troops were using in theatre.’ This, however, seems unlikely as the Arsenal is more analogous with the AK-74 than the ACE 23. While the Galil ACE shares very few handling characteristics with AK-pattern rifles, with the exception of the magazine release location, its updated safety lever is also less akin to the AK’s. It’s action and disassembly procedure are functionally the same as an AK, however, the Galil, at 3.6kg unloaded, is somewhat heavier than an AK-74.

Ukrainian soldier with a IWI Galil ACE 23 (Danish Ministry of Defense)

Perhaps the Galil ACE 23s function better when using blank, perhaps extensive use during numerous training cycles led to issues with the AR-M9Fs. No further comment was provided on why the Galil ACE replaced the Arsenal rifles or why fewer rifles were procured. This may be explained by recent changes to the aims of Interflex as in June it was reported that the programme’s focus would shifting away from basic infantry training to more leadership and specialised training.

A Ministry of Defence spokesperson concluded by telling TAB that: “We are proud that Interflex has grown to be one of the biggest training programmes of its kind, equipping Ukrainian recruits with the basic combat skills they need to defend their country against Putin’s illegal invasion.”

I thought it was worth collating all of the information available on the various rifles used to train Ukrainian troops in the UK into one place. For more detail on each of the different types of rifle used, check out my earlier article/videos on each rifle.

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Colt Canada Eagle Grenade Launchers in Ukraine

A myriad of 40mm grenade launchers are in use in Ukraine, we’ve already covered some but today we’re going to touch on another that is rarely seen. The Colt Canada Eagle (Enhanced Ambidextrous Grenade LaunchEr) is a low velocity 40mm grenade launcher which can be used as a standalone or mounted as an under-barrel launcher. Introduced in the early 2010s it weighs 1.25kg and has a 254mm barrel as standard. It is single shot with a side-opening breech (which can be switched to open left or right). It has a ladder sight, ambidextrous safety catches and an effective range out to 400m. The latest iteration of the launcher is the MkIII.

The first sighting of one of these in Ukraine came in September 2022, in a photo of a combatant on a quadbike armed with an M4A1 carbine with the Eagle grenade launcher mounted under the barrel. The second appearance of an Eagle came in August 2025 when a GUR team posted a photograph of a combatant holding one in the stand alone configuration. The most recent image of one of the launchers shows the weapon again in the standalone configuration and notably with what appears to be shrapnel damage to its stock and buffer tube.

Members of Ukraine’s GUR, one combatant equipped as a grenadier, 2025 (via Social Media)

Intriguingly, the Eagle grenade launchers were accepted for Ukrainian service in 2022 and appear in a Ukrainian Ministry of Defence document called “Examples of Weaponry and Military Hardware accepted into Ukrainian Armed Forces between 2014-2023 years”. The document gives the in-service acceptance date as 24/12/22, a couple of months after the first sighting of one of the launchers. The Colt Canada Eagle remains a relatively rare sight in imagery from Ukraine as a result its unclear how many have been delivered to Ukraine.

The Eagle grenade launchers were likely first provided by Canada in the summer of 2022, likely alongside C8 carbines. The first sightings of Colt Canada C8 carbines, believed to have been provided Canada, were also first seen in Ukraine in September 2022. Read more about Colt Canada C7s and C8s in Ukraine.

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Chinese MANPADS In Ukraine

While officially China has no involvement in the ongoing war in Ukraine a substantial number of their weapon systems have been seen in theatre. Setting aside the tens of thousands of Chinese manufacturer commercial drones which have been used during the conflict we’ve also seen Chinese RPGs, rifles and heavy machine guns. In the past six months, however, there have been a number of sightings of much more complex Chinese weapons; FN-series man portable air defence systems (MANPADS).

The first sighting of a Chinese-manufactured MANPADS came in mid-November 2025. On 19 November, the 143rd United Educational and Training Center shared a post, including photographs and video, of an engagement of a Russian Kalibr missile by an air defence team armed with a Chinese FN-6. The Kalibr cruise missile was engaged by a four-man mobile air defence team, in a video of the engagement the FN-6’s transit case can be seen next to the operator.

Air defence team of the 143rd United Educational and Training Center with an FN-6 (Ukrainian Armed Forces)

Operation of the Chinese MANPADS is not dissimilar to that of Russian-manufactured MANPADS, like the 9K32 Strela-2 , that Ukrainian personnel would be familiar with. To ready the FN-6 for action the rear exhaust cover and the front sensor cover must be removed. A gas coolant cartridge must also be inserted, this is needed for the IR seeker. Finally, iron sights must be flipped up for aiming, the battery is activated as the operator depresses the trigger and once the weapon is on target it can be fired.

The HY-6 was developed in the early 1990s and has since seen service with elements of the Chinese armed forces. It is a passive infrared homing (IR) MANPADS and has been exported to around a dozen countries as the FN-6 (飞弩-6) including Cambodia, Malaysia, Sudan and Pakistan.

The FN-6 is a fire-and-forget system as it utilises a passive infrared pyramidal nose-mounted seeker. Once fired the missile is guided by proportional navigation to an optimal point of impact. It has a maximum range of 5.5km with an maximum altitude of 3.8km. The FN-6 utilises a high explosive-fragmentation warhead with either an impact or laser-proximity fuze.

On 13 May 2026, the 160th Separate Mechanized Brigade shared a post highlighting the work of its air defence units which included an number of photographs including two which showed a different kind of Chinese MANPADS, an FN-16.

The FN-16 is an evolution of the FN-6. It is believed to primarily be an export weapon and is reportedly in service with Cambodia, Cameroon and Pakistan. The more advanced FN-16 uses an infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) [two-colour rosette-scan quasi-imaging] seeker which scans for its target’s outline using multi-spectral sensing. It has a maximum engagement range of 6km and a maximum altitude of 4km. Like the FN-6 it uses a high explosive-fragmentation warhead with either an impact or proximity fuse.

Member of 160th Separate Mechanized Brigade with an FN-16 (Ukrainian Armed Forces)

Also in May, the 123rd Territorial Defense Brigade shared photographs of a member of one of the brigade’s air defence units holding an FN-6 missile [17 May / 19 May]. The seeker cover is in place and the gripstock is not fitted.

So how did these Chinese MANPADS come to be in Ukraine? The most likely potential answers to that question include: the transfer of seized weapons – we’ve already seen other Chinese smalls arms procured by Iran for the Houthis which were seized an subsequently supplied to Ukraine. Another possibility is that they are third-party purchases; with the MANPADS bought from countries that have already procured (and use) them. Similarly, they could have been procured via non-state intermediaries though its unclear how interested in this China would be given its public position on involvement in the conflict.

From the available imagery it appears that a variety of units have been issued Chinese MANPADS with units from both the Ukrainian regular Army and Territorial Defence Force both seen with the weapons. It remains unclear just how many of the MANPADS Ukraine might have.

Update 19/06/26:

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Australian F1 Grenades in Ukraine

We recently looked at a pair of extremely rare hand grenades which have been seen in use in Ukraine – the Nammo Scalable Offensive Hand Grenade and Mk 14 Mod 0 Anti-Structural Munition Hand Grenade. Today, we’ll take a look at another rare grenade that has been seen in the Ukrainian armed forces – the Australian F1.

Developed by Australian Defence Industries (now Thales Australia), the F1 is a fragmentation grenade. Introduced in the late 1990s, the F1 has a filling of 30g of RDX and approximately 4,000 2.4mm steel balls. It has an aluminium body and a total weight of 375g. The F1 uses a 5 second delay fuze and has a stated lethal radius of 6 metres.

The first sighting of one of the grenades I’ve come across dates to late April 2023 but their presence in-country likely dates back further. An F1 was seen alongside a collection of NATO and Russian designs in a short video posted by a Ukrainian combatant.

Member of 47th Mechanised Brigade with F1 grenade, 2023 (via social media)

In early November 2023, a photograph of a member of 47th Mechanised Brigade featured an Australian F1 on his vest. Several weeks later a photo of various patterns of grenade was posted by the 108th Territorial Defence Forces brigade on 17 November. The photo was taken during a familiarisation training session and features various types of grenade including an Australian F1. A short video from a Ukrainian combatant showing an F1 was shared online in early December, it is marked ‘0135 ADI 18’. This is the typical marking for all of the F1s seen in Ukraine.

The next sighting I’ve come across is a captured example featuring in a video from the Russian Крупнокалиберный Переполох youtube channel. The video, posted on 10 May 2024, features several captured F1s and shows the grenade being tested. He likens it to a Christmas tree decoration in shape and after testing a grenade on a collection of steel barrels he found the lethality of the grenade unimpressive with limited penetration shown on barrels within 4 metres of the detonation.

Until early 2025, sightings were sparse, on 14 March, personnel with the 14th Regiment of Unmanned Systems Forces shared a photo of kit and equipment, one of the grenades visible is an F1. On 25 March, a Russian sapper telegram page shared photographs of a captured F1. Additional images of a captured F1 were posted on another, now defunct Russian sapper telegram page, along with comments hypothesising that the grenade’s small fragmentation balls wouldn’t retain kinetic energy over distance.

Various Western and Combloc grenades, including an Australian F1 (Ukrainian Armed Forces)

In August a combatant with Ukraines airborne forces shared a photograph of an impressive collection of grenades, collected for familisation purposes. Tucked in on the left of the collection is an Australian F1. In mid-October, combatant with Ukraine’s special operations forces shared a photograph of an F1 alongside some UDZ-pattern fuzes.

At the end of 2025 a number of F1 grenades appeared on the auction site Reibert.info. The earliest listing, however, dates to late January 2025 when a demiled example was sold for 3900 UAH ($88). From December 2025 to February 2026, a number of other grenades (with their explosive elements removed) were sold for between 4000 UAH ($90) and 8201 UAH ($185).

Demiled F1 grenade disassembled (via social media)

In January 2026, another Russian sapper telgeram shared a photo of a captured F1, showing the grenade disassembled. Most recently, on 20 February, Russian journalist Dmitry Kulko shared a series of photos from the Russian 810th Brigade’s collection of captured Ukrainian weapons and kit. The post included an example of an Australian F1.

While its unclear when the grenades arrived in Ukraine, the Australian National Audit Office confirmed that grenades were part of lethal aid provided before February 2023. It’s also unknown how many of the grenades have been provided but from the available imagery they have been seen with units across Ukraine’s armed forces.

Special thanks to ReconUAV, AbraxasSpa, Weapon Illustrated, Ukraine Weapons Warfare.

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HK MP7s in Ukraine

We’ve seen a number of submachine guns appear in Ukraine over the last 3 years, MP5s, B&T APC-9s, Ukraine’s own Fort 320 and classics like the Carl Gustaf M/45 but one of the rarer to appear is Heckler & Koch’s MP7. Sightings of these began in early 2025. In this article/video we’ll survey some of the sightings, examine how the guns have been set up and I’ll share some opinions and insights shared by Ukrainian soldiers who have experience with the MP7.

If you’re unfamiliar with the HK MP7, its a personal defence weapon chambered in the proprietary 4.6x30mm round. It uses a gas-operated, short stroke piston action and weighs around 1.8kg (4lbs) unloaded and without accessories. It was introduced in the early 2000s and is in use with a number of militaries and law enforcement agencies around the world. It is typically used as a PDW for personnel who don’t need a full-size rifle, for close quarter tasks by special forces and as a concealable carbine for personal protection details.

The earliest photograph of an MP7 I have come across dates to February 2025 when a member of Ukraine’s Main Directorate of Intelligence (the GUR/HUR)’s Kraken Regiment posted an image of a black MP7A2 with an Aimpoint Micro T-1 red dot and a Finnish Ase Utra S Series SL4i SMG-MP7 suppressor. Colleagues at StreakingDelilah report that the individual noted that Kraken had received a small number of the weapons (between 5-7) and that they were brought out for some training sessions but have not yet seen action “in the field”.

The next sighting came in August 2025, when a member of the HUR Tymur Special Unit shared a photo posing with an MP7A2 in HK’s favoured RAL 8000 colour. It appears to have been fitted with an Aimpoint Acro red dot on an Eratac mount and an Ase Utra S Series SL4i SMG-MP7 suppressor.

At the beginning of Septmber a member of the Special Operations Center “South” (formerly the 73rd Naval Special Operations Center) posted a short clip showing an operator equipped with what appears to be an MP7 but is in fact a licensed airsoft copy from Umarex. We can identify this from the white license markings on the right side of the receiver. It’s complete with an Umarex H&K QD Suppressor  and a PEQ-15. Its unclear if an airsoft clone is being use for training because the actual weapons are in the SSO’s inventory.

Potential Airsoft – On 11 September 2025 an Instagram account affiliated with the Ukrainian Army’s Air Assault forces shared a photo of an individual posing with a black MP7A2, The MP7 has a 30 round magazine, an Ase Utra suppressor and an Aimpoint Micro T-2 red dot optic. It’s unclear if elements of Ukraine’s Air Assault forces have also received MP7, this is the only photograph of a combatant from that formation holding one of the weapons I’ve come across so far.

In November and December two additional images of black MP7A2s were shared by combatants with HUR units. The gun is seen with an Ase Utra suppressor and an Aimpoint Micro T-2 red dot optic.

The first sighting of the MP7s in 2026 came in February, with several posts about the weapons on Telegram. On 6 February, a telegram channel affiliated from individuals from Ukraine SOF community posted a series of photographs of a brand new RAL 8000 MP7A2, with Ase Utra suppressor and Acro red dot on an Eratac USL mount. The caption praised the weapons “compactness, low weight, and practically no recoil” but noted that it has a short effective range, unique ergonomics and uncommon ammunition. The post went on to suggest that its best use would be as a PDW for snipers.

Another Telegram post, on 9 February, by Про Зброю, which has been described as a shooting instructor serving in the Ukrainian Army, described the MP7 as “extremely convenient, very compact and lightweight, a highly maneuverable weapon that allows for surprisingly controlled automatic fire against a “silhouette” target at distances of up to 100 meters and beyond. There’s practically no recoil or barrel flip when firing. A long burst can be completely placed in the target! The accuracy, thanks to the collimator sight, is excellent! And the sound of the shot is well muffled by the compact sound moderator.” The author’s primary complaint, however, was that 4.6x30mm ammunition is exotic and rarely available in Ukraine. It’s unclear how much ammunition has been supplied for the weapons. The earlier post included a photo of Fiocchi 4.6mm copper plated steel black tip ammunition.

At the beginning of April a combatant with an HUR team shared a photo posing with an MP7A2 during a range trip. The individual shared some thoughts on the MP7 with me, he noted that it’s a “weapon more for bodyguards” and that while “the weapon is very cool” its best suited to specific roles. He noted that .300BLK is preferred for operational roles that require a quiet weapon. He also noted that the accuracy of the MP7 wasn’t as good as he’d expected. It’s unknown what sort of ammunition he used while testing the MP7. Again the weapon has the standard Ase Utra suppressor and an Aimpoint Acro red dot sight on an Eratac USL mount.

Most recently on 24 April 2026, ‘Explosive Department’ an instagram account affiliated with an element of the HUR’s Kraken Regiment shared a photograph of a RAL 8000 MP7A2 with an FDE Aimpoint Acro and an Ase Utra S Series suppressor.

From discussions with sources its possible to confirm that these weapons, along with HK416A8s and MG4 and MG5s, have been provided to Ukraine by Heckler & Koch as part of German aid to Ukraine. They appear to have common accessory configurations including Ase Utra S Series suppressors and Acros on Eratac USL mounts. Imagery shows a mixture of 20- and 30- round magazines.

Thank you to colleagues at StreakingDelilah, MilitaryLand and to Mathias for their help with various elements of this article/video.

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Rare Mk14 Anti-Structure Grenades & Scalable Offensive Hand Grenade In Ukraine

One of the rarer hand grenades to surface in Ukraine is the US Mk14 Anti-Structure grenade. These were developed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center’s Indian Head Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, back in the 2000s.

The Mk 14 Mod 0 Anti-Structural Munition Hand Grenade has been primarily used by USSOCOM. It is reportedly a Thermobaric Fuel-Air-Explosive Blast (FAE-Blast), hand grenade with a longer duration HE-Blast pressure curve.

The ASM has a thin-walled aluminium body with a main charge filler of PBXN-109 and a PBXN-114 booster. The grenade body is black with three knurled bands with a yellow band at the top and two sticker labels which read: “HE Overpressure Grenade, NEW 0.88 lbs. Fuze 4.5 sec”.

Mk 14 Mod 0 Anti-Structural Munition Hand Grenade (via Social Media)

Using the principle of overpressure the ASM, much like the US Army’s new M111 grenade, reduces the risk of friendly casualties due to fragmentation during close combat. In enclosed areas the grenade creates concussion effects and can be used for for blast or demolition tasks. It has a M213-type fuze with a 3-5 second delay, though the stickers seen on the grenades state 4.5 seconds

The available evidence of Mk14 ASM presence in Ukraine is extremely slim. To date, I have only come across a handful of images of the grenades, which were reportedly taken in Ukraine. The individuals who have shared imagery of the grenades have predominantly been associated with Ukrainian special operations units.

Another extremely rare offensive hand grenade seen in Ukraine is the Nammo Scalable Offensive Hand Grenade (SOHG – HGO115M-3.5). The SOHG is a modular grenade with a plastic body packed with either Comp B filling (115g) or PBXN-11 filling (130g). It has a male-female screw interface moulded into the body that allows up to three modules (which can all be used individually) to be screwed together. This allows the system to be scaled to the target its engaging or the space its being used in – Nammo say one equals a concussion grenade, two creates enough overpressure to kill anyone in a average space and the cumulative effect of three modules provides a small scale anti-structure capability. According to Nammo the SOHG modules with a fuze weigh 230g while the modules without fuze weight 190g.

Nammo Scalable Offensive Hand Grenade (via Social Media)

Designated the MK21 Mod 0 in US service, SOCOM have been using them since 2010 and the US Marine Corps purchased some in 2024. Unlike the Mk 14 Mod 0 it is not a thermobaric grenade. The first sighting of them in Ukraine came in July 2024, when a Russian telegram channel posted a short video showing some of the weapons captured from Ukrainian units by a reconnaissance unit with Russia’s Tsentr (Center) battlegroup.

In November 2024, when a Russian telegram channel focused on Sapper and EOD activities shared photos of a base unit and an additional module. It’s unclear if these are captured examples or they are images pulled from the internet to illustrate the post.

Most recently, in May 2025, a pair of SOHGs were captured by Russian forces, each was captured with its own fuze, configured for individual use. All of the grenades seen in the imagery have the lot number VR123L001-002 and an NSN which denotes they are filled with Composition B. Given the presence of the Finnish National Codification Bureau number, ’58’, in the NSN, the grenades were likely provided by Finland.

Thanks to AbraxasSpa and Helvegen29 for thier help collecting imagery.

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TCEs in Ukraine

Over the last 4 years I’ve spent a huge amount of time studying imagery from the war in Ukraine, examining the types of weapon systems and equipment in use. You quickly noticed how soldiers try to display their individuality through their kit, be it patches (some good some bad) or a FN FAL covered in faux fur. Another critical bit of kit I’ve seen more than a few soldiers with over the last few years is sets of tactical cat ears.

Troops from all manner of units, on both sides, have been spotted sporting tactical cat ears over the last couple of years. Before we dive into an examination of some examples of their employment its worth touching on their origins and history. From what I can dig up, they began to appear in the late 2010s, initially popular with the airsoft and LARP communities and after Russia’s February 2022 invasion and Ukraine’s mass mobilisation, they subsequently bled over into the kit of serving soldiers. China-based gear companies have long offered the velcro tactical cat ears (TCE), but as they increased in popularity, Ukrainian companies have also offered locally-produced versions. Companies like TUR Gear or Balistyka offer a range of styles and soft hats with TCEs. They appear to be priced around 200 to 300 Hryvnia or $5-8.

Ukraine’s female soldiers, mostly drone operators and medics, are one of the largest groups identified who utilise tactical cat ears. In March 2024, Ukraine’s State Border Guards shared a photo of a soldier attached to a Shahed hunting anti-aircraft team. Her helmet features some prominent TCEs. TCEs found their way to Sudzha during the Kursk offensive in Summer 2024.

Ukraine’s Liut Police Brigade shared a photo of a female combatant with TCEs in March 2025. Later the same month photo of a drone operator with the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade with TCE was shared by the bridges official social media. .

A memorial post for a combat medic with the 71st Separate Brigade, killed in November 2025, featured her in a set of TCEs. In February 2026, April Huggett, a medic with the Alcatraz Battalion of the 93rd Brigade shared a photo showing her helmet equipped with TCEs.

It is by no means just female soldiers who employ TCEs they’re regularly seen atop the helmets of hardened operators too. In January 2023, a Ukrainian combatant, callside Burger, was photographed near Bakhmut with a set of TCEs. An individual with an International Legion unit [2nd battalion] was seen with TCEs in an April 2024 team photo.

In May 2023, Anna Filipova a volunteer who provides kit to Ukrainian medics, gave a medic her TCEs and vowed to giveaway more. The Liut Police Brigade also has some male TCE users, with a combatant featured in a team photo shared on the brigade’s social media in December 2024. This footage from an Azov Brigade reconnaissance team clearing a hamlet, in Spring 2025, features an individual wearing a set of TCEs.

In May 2025, a member of the Ukrainian National Guard’s 1st Presidential Brigade was filmed firing an AT-4 during fighting in the Kharkiv oblast. In July 2025, the Ukrainian National Guard’s Khartiia Corps shared a photo of a member with a set of TCEs. In early December 2025, the 144th Centre of Special Operations Forces shared a photograph of an operator with TCEs and a Colt Model 933 carbine.

There’s also some variation amongst TCEs with camouflage patterns and cuts varying, but it also appears there are also TDE or tactical devil/demon ears or horns – TDHs. A combatant with the Black Beard Group, part of the Ukrainian National Guard’s 27th Brigade, is frequently seen sporting TDE.

I will note that I only really started tracking Tactical Cat Ear usage in 2023 at the suggestion of user: I Saw A Bear so I’m sure there’s plenty of earlier examples I’ve missed too. Thanks to I Saw A Bear for the suggestion and the support, occasionally sending me new sightings and reminding me to put this video/article together. War is a serious business but sometimes small things like some multi-cam cat ears can remind us its humans fighting it.

While this definitely isn’t an April Fool, I did think it would be good to put something a little less serious than my usual content out today.

Update: 14/5/26:

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Russia’s Missile-Armed Shahed Drones

Russia continues to rely on the simple but effective Shahed-136 (Geran 2) long-range one-way munition in its ongoing aerial campaign against Ukraine. Russian strikes, including waves of Shahed-136 (and decoys), have long been a nightly occurrence across Ukraine with the the drones delivering 50kg warheads against a range of targets. A Shahed-136 downed, on 4 January, by Ukrainian forces shows that Russia has again augmented the drone platform in an attempt to off-set Ukraine’s counter-Shahed efforts.

Downed MANPADS-Shahed (via social media)

Ukraine has been engaging Shaheds from both the ground and the air – with the Ukrainian air force’s helicopters and fast jets both being deployed to shoot down the Russian drones. While recently, newer aerial methods such as small, fast interceptor drones, have emerged traditional aerial platforms are still responsible for a considerable portion of Shaheds successfully downed.

In an effort to protect its Shaheds, Russia appears to have begun to arm the long-range drones with MANPADS – man portable air defense systems, which are typically shoulder-fired. Ukrainian military technology specialist Serhii ‘Flash’ Beskrestnov shared several photographs and a video showing a Shahed armed with a 9K333 Verba 72mm multi-spectral-guided missile. The 9K333 is Russia’s most modern MANPADS and while it is typically shoulder-fired to provide troops with very short range air defense capability, according to manufacturer KB Mashinostroyeniya it can also be mounted on aerial platforms. While KBM likely envisaged these platforms to be helicopters it appears that Russian Aerospace Forces technicians have been able to mount the small missile on Shaheds.

We’ve already seen MANPADS mounted on unmanned ground vehicles for remote use against drones and aircraft and we’ve also seen smaller drones equipped with firearms and rocket launchers.

Downed MANPADS-Shahed (via social media)

The drone was reportedly downed by elements of the Ukrainian Armed Forces’ 412th Unmanned Systems Brigade (‘Nemesis’). The unit shared some footage filmed by a small quadcopter drone shows that the missile on this particular Shahed was unfired and was manufactured in 2025. It also shows the ad-hoc nature in which the launcher has been mounted on the drone. Many of the wires and connections appear to have been covered with insulation tape. There appear to be a pair of servo actuators which, from their positioning, appear to remove the launcher’s protective end-cap and actuate the Verba’s batteries, the firing controls were reportedly cable-tied so that the missile would launch as soon the target was locked by the seeker.

Geran-2/Shahed kamikaze drone with the Verba MANPADS (DIU)

Since deploying the Iranian-developed Shahed-136, in both propeller-driven (the Geran-2) and jet-powered (the Geran-3) variants Russia has continually developed the base design adding various payload variations, engines and defensive counter-measures. The MANPADS-Shahed was likely developed to lure valuable Ukrainian aircraft into range, up to 6km, before taking them by surprise and engaging them with a missile. The missile itself is mounted along the drone’s centre-line. A similar modification of the Shahed began to be seen back in December 2025 with Shaheds equipped with a Soviet R-60 air-to-air missile. There have been a number of interception videos featuring these R-60 equipped Shaheds and some wreckage of a number of the drones has been. The missiles are mounted on a launch rail.

Beskrestnov notes that the downed MANPADS-Shahed was equipped with “a camera and a radio modem. The missile is launched by the Shahed operator.” He went on to warn Ukrainian pilots to be more cautious when approaching Shaheds and to avoid attacking them head-on. On 12 January, the Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine (DIU) shared an interactive computer-generated diagram of the modified Shahed drone, showing its various components and configuration on the War Sanctions website which documents the foreign components Russia uses to build its weapons.

It’s unclear how many Shaheds may have been outfitted with 9K333s or R-60s but these latest developments illustrate the evolutionary nature of the conflict’s drone technology and tactics.

Update – 30/3/26:

Another interception video featuring a Shahed equipped with an R-60 air-to-air missile.

Update – 31/4/26:

A downed Shahed/Geran-2 was found to be equipped with a decoy air to air missile, seemingly to encourage it’s interception according to Serhii ‘Flash’ Beskrestnov. The fake missile is clearly bolted to the body of the drone.

Update – 20/5/26:

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Colt Canada C20 Rifles in Ukraine

Welcome to another research note, the new exclusive series of videos I’m sharing on Patreon spotlighting some of the ongoing research I’m doing into the weapons used in Ukraine. In these videos I share progress on topics that aren’t quite ready for a full video.

In 2020 Colt Canada introduced the C20, a 7.62x51mm marksman rifle. These have been adopted by both Canada and Denmark. Within the last couple of months a number of C20s have been seen in use in Ukraine.

A member of the Sniper Company of the Rubizh Brigade has been photographed with a C20. The brigade has posted photos of the individual and the rifle on a number of occasions from early October through to December. The rifle appears to have a Kahles K318i (3,5-18x50i) scope in a Spuhr ISMS mount and an what is likely an OSS HX-QD 762 suppressor. The rifle also appears to have a LaRue Tactical RISR Cheek Riser for its Magpul CTR MOE stock.

On 6 November, another image was shared by the UA Snipers page on Instagram, a community page which focuses on imagery of Ukrainian marksmen and snipers. The photo appears to have been taken at the range and while it doesn’t show the whole rifle the close up on the receiver allows us to see the Colt Canada CAGE number ‘2C085’. Also just visible is the Spuhr mount’s SP model number. The optic appears to be a high-end Schmidt and Bender from the PMII series.

The most recent image was posted on 2 December, showing a pair of Ukrainian combatants with C20s, the rifles both have HUXWRX suppressors but its difficult to identify the optic due to the image’s low resolution. Similarly, they appear to have the LaRue Tactical RISR cheek riser seen on the earlier example. The rifles’ optics appear to be mounted in Spuhr mounts and have thermal clip-ons ahead of the scopes. The affiliation of these combatants is unknown, they may be members of the SSO. When asked about the rifles, the page which shared the photo, noted that “impressions and reviews are good.”

The configuration of the rifles is very similar to those used by the Danish Armed Forces. Denmark adopted the C20 in September 2020. https://youtu.be/hejJU-IPEZ4 /

The number of sightings of the rifles is relatively small, but enough to confirm that a small number of Colt Canada C20 marksman rifles have been supplied to Ukraine and appear to have been issued to several units. The configuration and accessories of the rifles seem to suggest they originate from Denmark.

Special thanks to the guys at Streakingdelilah, Mike and Dikobraz for assistance.

Vintage Weapons in a Modern War: Browning Hi-Power In Ukraine

Canada confirmed in September 2024 that it would be supplying Ukraine with “10,500 surplus 9mm pistols from our inventory.” These pistols would be the long-serving Inglis-manufactured Hi-Powers, which Canada is replacing with SIG Sauer P320s, designated as the C22. Only recently has imagery of the Canadian Hi-Powers in Ukraine appeared.

Canadian manufacturer Inglis produced the Hi-Power under license during the Second World War. Just over 150,000 pistols are believed to have been manufactured from 1944 to October 1945. These include two major variants the No.1 and the No.2 (Mk1 and Mk1*). The No.1 had a rear tangent sight and a mounting slot for a holster-stock (features requested by the Chinese government who made the initial order for the pistols). The No.2 pistols had a fixed rear sight, mounted on a slight, curved rise at the rear of the slide. They also lacked the holster-stock slot. The No.2 pistols were subsequently adopted by the Canadian and UK militaries. The No.2 Mk1* pistols are currently being replaced by the P320 after a remarkable 80 years in service.

In July, a Browning Hi-Power was seen in a training range photo was shared by the Deputy Commander of the 411th Separate Regiment of the Unmanned Systems of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The profile of the Hi-Power is unmistakable, but the resolution makes it difficult to confirm the variant; it does not appear to be a Canadian-made pistol. The style of the rear sight doesn’t match that of an Inglis-manufactured pistol.

Later in July, another image of the Hi-Power was used as a cover image for a video clip of an interview with the 411th’s Deputy Commander.

At the time, these two photos represented the only imagery that suggested operational use of Browning Hi-Powers in Ukraine. While there were one or two other photos reportedly from Ukraine they were more likely collectors’ pieces.

In early November, Іван Савельєв, an armourer affiliated with the 3rd Assault Brigade, shared a photograph of a Canadian Hi-Power, which was provided to another Ukrainian unit. The serial number of the pistol, beginning ‘6T60XX’, dates its production to sometime between August and October 1945, when Hi-Power production at Inglis ceased.

He subsequently shared a video shooting a Canadian Hi-Power at the range. It’s unclear whether this pistol is one which has been delivered to his or another unit.

On 18 November, another photo of an Inglis Hi-Power was shared by another member of the 3rd Assault Brigade. The serial number is not visible but the pistol’s slide is unmistakably marked No.2 Mk1* and Inglis.

The condition of the Inglis pistols transferred to Ukraine is unclear. The pistols in the Canadian armed forces’ inventory were reportedly highly worn with suggestions that in recent years pistols had been cannibalised for parts. This is to be expected from pistols that were manufactured 80 years ago though it’s unclear if the 10,500 pistols announced by the Canadian government were pistols which were in Canadian armed forces’ regular inventory. While the amount of imagery of these pistols in Ukraine remains comparatively small, the numerous sightings confirm that Inglis-made Canadian Hi-Powers are in active service with the Ukrainian armed forces. While the pistols may have been produced some 80 years ago and are arguably obsolescent the Hi-Power’s influential design and its decent magazine capacity mean that it is still useful today.

Special thanks to Druzhe Orest for assistance.

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